Patterns of Authority: Sound is Spatial (I)
Athanasius Kircher, Musurgia Universalis. 1650.
Robin Sparkes June 26, 2024
Architecture provides a framework to understand how spatial design shapes and expresses socio-political power. Physical structures carry ideologies. The built environment directs movement, frames perception, and conditions behavior. Sound plays a central role in this dynamic. The way sound travels through space organizes social interaction and reinforces authority. Architectural acoustics become instruments of control, structuring who is heard, how voices carry, and where silence falls.
Space shapes perception. It provides the conditions through which experience unfolds. Before meaning is formed, spatial relationships already guide how bodies move, how attention is focused, and how presence is felt. Architecture organizes these conditions. It defines proximity, enclosure, elevation, and direction. These spatial arrangements establish the grammar of interaction.
When sound emerges, it activates the logic of space. The shape and material of a building influence how a voice carries, how it lingers, and how it reaches others. Sound travels according to the forms it encounters—reflecting, absorbing, amplifying. In this way, acoustics shape social access. They determine who commands attention, who listens, and who remains outside the field of awareness. Power operates through arrangement, constructing systems of order, repetition, and hierarchy. Architecture gives form to these systems. Raised thresholds, central positions, enclosed chambers—all delineate roles and distribute authority. Sound follows these lines, reinforcing their influence.
By tracing the interaction between spatial design and sound, we can understand how architecture conditions us. This interplay generates authority, amplifies its presence, and sustains its influence. Acoustics, as an integral part of architecture, are closely tied to the geometric forms that govern how sound moves through space. Material and geometry influence both the physical and sensory experience of architecture. Here, sound becomes a tool of authority.
By examining how architectural acoustics mediate the intersection of spatial design and ideology, we can begin to see how the manipulation of sound in the built environment reflects and reinforces political power dynamics. “Acoustic space is where sound and space converge, creating a dynamic relationship between what is heard, how it is heard, and the environment in which it is heard”, says Oliveros. We hear through architecture—a medium that frames social hierarchies and directs human behavior.
From Eyes to Ears
Understanding the influence of architectural acoustics is essential for revealing how power dynamics are constructed and reinforced through the ‘unseen’ forces of sound, shaping human interaction and perception. Juhani Pallasmaa, in The Eyes of the Skin, critiques the dominance of vision—Plato’s ocularcentrism. Pallasmaa argues that prioritizing sight over other senses diminishes the full experiential depth of architecture, especially the auditory. He writes, “Architecture is the art of reconciliation between ourselves and the world, and this mediation takes place through the senses”.
The acoustic dimensions of space contribute to the embodied power of resonance. Acoustics frame space, as sound is inherently relational and immersive, shaping how individuals and communities engage within built environments.
Architecture as a Means of Understanding the Superstructure
The relationship between sensory experience and societal structures helps us understand architecture’s role in shaping power. Karl Marx’s concept of the superstructure offers a framework for seeing how architecture mediates sensory experiences and supports ideological authority. Marx identified the superstructure as comprising cultural, political, and ideological systems that arise from—and reinforce—the economic base.
Architecture, as a cultural artifact, reflects the ideologies of the ruling class, shaping and legitimizing authority in physical space. In this context, buildings become instruments of power, with design choices aligned with dominant state ideologies. Marx’s framework highlights how architectural spaces, through both function and form, reinforce social hierarchies and facilitate control. Repeating typologies reveal how architecture is embedded within the superstructure, reinforcing values through spatial design.
Marx noted that “the ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class”. We see these values in the spaces we move through and speak within.
“Architecture was more than functional or aesthetic—it revealed divine truths through geometry and sound.”
Power, Space, and Surveillance
Michel Foucault’s analysis of power and spatial control in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison offers a critical lens for examining the socio-political implications of centralized acoustic design. Foucault introduces the panopticon as a model of disciplinary power, where spatial arrangement enforces constant surveillance and internalized authority. He writes, “The Panopticon is a [surveilling] machine which, whatever use one may wish to put it to, produces homogenous effects of power” (Foucault). This spatial configuration becomes both a literal and symbolic expression of how power operates.
Foucault’s Panopticon.
When applied to acoustics, the panopticon’s principles reveal how sound systems—like public address speakers or soundproofed hierarchies—reinforce authority by shaping auditory experience. Centrally planned spaces often elevate an authoritative figure, amplifying their presence and power through spatial arrangement and sound projection.
Louis Althusser’s concept of interpellation describes how individuals are “hailed” into ideological systems that shape their behavior and perceptions. In Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses, Althusser writes, “Ideology has the function (which defines it) of ‘constituting’ concrete individuals as subjects” (Althusser). The acoustics of a courtroom or temple draw attention to the singular voice of the judge or priest. These spaces acoustically and spatially “hail” individuals, embedding them into systems of authority and control.
Together, Foucault’s and Althusser's theories reveal how architectural acoustics serve as mechanisms of social and ideological conditioning. This conditioning is both theoretical and embodied—through doors we enter, windows we open, and corridors that guide our behavior. These are choreographed interactions. Simply by existing in space, we are interpelled into expected patterns of conduct.
Architecture, Power, and Resistance
Architecture, through its spatial and acoustic properties, serves as both a tool of control and a potential medium for resistance. Rafael Moneo, in On Typology, argues that architectural forms embody cultural and historical continuities. He writes, “Typology is not a neutral concept; it is a reflection of the ways societies organize their space and their values” (Moneo). By studying recurring forms—typologies—we can see how social ideologies are embedded in design.
Moneo shows how typological structures can also help us understand, critique, and reform power. The superstructure, through typological morphology, becomes a system of spatial ideology. Typological discourse, then, becomes a framework not just for reinforcing systems but for transforming them.
Renaissance Theories of Harmonic Proportion and Acoustic Design
Renaissance architects’ use of harmonic proportions—drawn from musical theory—offers another lens for exploring the relationship between space and sound. Rudolf Wittkower explains how architects like Andrea Palladio used musical ratios to govern building proportions and acoustics. “The application of harmonic ratios derived from music lent buildings a rhythm that could be perceived visually and aurally, creating a multisensory experience of order” (Wittkower).
Palladio believed that well-proportioned spaces could foster moral and spiritual well-being. Geometry affected how sound resonated—how frequencies lingered or faded. Wittkower notes that Palladio’s adherence to harmony was not just aesthetic but moral. “He believed that a well-proportioned building could inspire the virtues of order and balance in its inhabitants” (Wittkower).
Research in psychoacoustics supports this, showing that specific frequencies influence mood, cognition, and even physical health. “Different frequencies stimulate different neural circuits, influencing mood, cognition, and even physical health” (Levitin). Yet access to resonant, harmonious spaces is often determined by wealth—proximity to nature, for instance, or insulation from urban noise. Architecture and environment together create acoustic ecologies that shape how bodies and minds feel space.
Leon Battista Alberti also tied proportion and design to moral and spiritual ideals. His centrally planned churches aimed to align spatial design with divine principles. Wittkower writes, “Alberti regarded beauty as an inherent quality of proportion, believing that mathematical harmony in design could elevate the human spirit” (Wittkower). His designs optimized acoustics, making space both sacred and socially organized.
Catholic churches especially demonstrate this. Their central layouts amplify voice and song, reinforcing the church’s authority both spiritually and socially. “Typology acts as a dialogue between tradition and innovation, enabling architects to adapt historical forms to contemporary needs without losing their symbolic resonance” (Moneo). Moneo’s view shows how Renaissance principles—especially in acoustics—continue to shape architectural practice today.
In Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae (1646), Athanasius Kircher argued that architecture was more than functional or aesthetic—it revealed divine truths through geometry and sound. He described buildings as “microcosms” that align earthly structures with celestial harmony. Cathedrals, rooted in sacred geometry, were instruments to channel divine grace.
Kircher’s work explored how acoustics could be engineered—through ideas like the “acoustic wall,” a reflective surface that amplified sound. His organ designs also show how architecture could be integrated with musical instruments to shape auditory experience. For Kircher, buildings didn’t just shelter—they resonated, actively producing harmonious soundscapes.
His vision aligns with Renaissance ideals, as Wittkower describes in Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism. Renaissance architects believed their job was not to invent new forms, but to discover and express eternal harmonies. Wittkower writes, “The Renaissance architect did not see his task in creating something new, but in discovering the eternal validity”.
Robin Sparkes, is a spatial designer, studying the kinesthetic experience of architecture. Her design, research, and writing practice traverses the relationship between the body, temporality, and the acoustics of space.
